User Facing Automation - Part 1

Set Up

Commands before demoing (ZSH) 
# Create demo directory and source file
demo_dir=/tmp/automation_demo
test -d "${demo_dir}" || mkdir "${demo_dir}"
cd "${demo_dir}"
src="${demo_dir}/a.txt"
dest="${demo_dir}/b.txt"

# Change time format. This is for zsh.
#
# Functions must also be run in subshells in zsh for `time` to work:
# <https://superuser.com/questions/688128/how-to-run-time-on-a-function-in-zsh>
TIMEFMT=$'%*E seconds'

echo hi > "$src"

For the download example:

# Requires Rust
cargo install --git https://github.com/azriel91/peace download --all-features

In a separate shell:

cd /tmp/automation_demo
case "$(uname)" in
    Linux)  watch -n 0.4 -c -d "stat --format='%y' b.txt | cut -b 12-23 ; bat b.txt" ;;
    Darwin) watch -n 0.4 -c -d "stat -f '%y' b.txt | cut -b 12-23 ; bat b.txt" ;;
esac

Scenario

Copy a file from one place to another.

For demonstration, this section will use the sleep and cp (copy) commands to emulate a task:

function slow_cp {
    sleep 1;
    cp "$1" "$2";
}

Basics

Concept 1: Repeatable in One Action

What: Do it again without thinking.

Value: Save time and mental effort.

Example 
# Hard coded values
function slow_cp {
    sleep 1;
    cp a.txt b.txt;
}

slow_cp

Concept 2: Parameterized

What: Do the same action on different things.

Value: Multiply the automation gain per thing.

Example 
function slow_cp {
    sleep 1;
    cp "$1" "$2";
}

src="/tmp/automation_demo/a.txt"
dest="/tmp/automation_demo/b.txt"

slow_cp "${src}" "${dest}"

Efficiency

Concept 3: Idempotence

What: Don't do it if it's already done.

Value: Save time.

Example

Execution 1:

%3startbbstart->bendb->end
%3startbbstart->bendb->end
%3startbbstart->bendb->end

Execution 2:

%3startbbstart->bendb->end
%3startbbstart->bendb->end
function idempotent_cp {
    if   ! test -f "${dest}"
    then slow_cp "$1" "$2"
    fi;
}

rm -f "${dest}"
time (idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")
time (idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")

echo updated > "${src}"
time (idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")

Concept 4: Smart Idempotence

What: Handle updates.

Value: Do what's expected.

Example 
function idempotent_cp {
    local src_hash;
    local dest_hash;
     src_hash=$(md5sum <(cat "$1"))
    dest_hash=$(md5sum <(cat "$2" 2>/dev/null))
    if   ! test "${src_hash}" = "${dest_hash}"
    then slow_cp "$1" "$2"
    fi;
}

rm -f "${dest}"
time (idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")
time (idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")

Concept 5: Parallelism

What: Run tasks at the same time.

Value: Elapsed duration to execute process is decreased.

Example 
dest_1="/tmp/automation_demo/b1.txt"
dest_2="/tmp/automation_demo/b2.txt"
dest_3="/tmp/automation_demo/b3.txt"

Serial

%3startb1b1start->b1endb2b2b1->b2b3b3b2->b3b3->end
# Serial execution
rm -f "${dest_1}" "${dest_2}" "${dest_3}"
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}";
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}";
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_3}";
)
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}";
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}";
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_3}";
)

# Remove one file
rm -f "${dest_2}"
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}";
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}";
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_3}";
)
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}";
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}";
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_3}";
)

Parallel

%3startb1b1start->b1b2b2start->b2b3b3start->b3endb1->endb2->endb3->end
# Parallel execution
rm -f "${dest_1}" "${dest_2}" "${dest_3}"
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}" &;
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}" &;
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_3}" &;
    wait;
)
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}" &;
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}" &;
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_3}" &;
    wait;
)

# Remove one file
rm -f "${dest_2}"
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}" &;
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}" &;
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_3}" &;
    wait;
)
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}" &;
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}" &;
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_3}" &;
    wait;
)

Concept 6: Logical Dependencies

What: Wait if you have to.

Value: Correctness.

Example
%3startb1b1start->b1b2b2start->b2endb1->endb3b3b2->b3b3->end
# Logical dependency
rm -f "${dest_1}" "${dest_2}" "${dest_3}"
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}" &;
    (
        idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}";
        idempotent_cp "${dest_2}" "${dest_3}";
    ) &;
    wait;
)
time (
    idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_1}" &;
    (
        idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest_2}";
        idempotent_cp "${dest_2}" "${dest_3}";
    ) &;
    wait;
)

Output

Concept 7: Progress Information

What: Tell users what's going on.

Value: Users know what's happening, or if it's stalled.

Example
Code 
function slow_cp {
    sleep 1;
    cp "$1" "$2";
}

function hash_file {
    1>&2 printf "hashing file: ${1}\n"
    test -f "${1}" &&
      md5sum <(cat "$1" 2>/dev/null) ||
      printf '00000000000000000000000000000000'
}

function informational_idempotent_cp {
     src_hash=$(hash_file "${src}")
    dest_hash=$(hash_file "${dest}")
    1>&2 printf " src_hash: ${src_hash}\n"
    1>&2 printf "dest_hash: ${dest_hash}\n"

    if   ! test "${src_hash}" = "${dest_hash}"
    then
        1>&2 printf "contents don't match, need to copy.\n"
        slow_cp "$1" "$2"
        1>&2 printf "file copied.\n"
    else
        1>&2 printf "contents match, don't need to copy.\n"
    fi;
}

rm -f "${dest}"

informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}"

# if we don't care about the verbose information, we can hide it
informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}" 2>/dev/null

Concept 8: Provide Relevant Information

What: Show as little and as much information as necessary.

Value: Reduce effort to understand.

Example
Code 
delay=0.1
pb_lines=3

function slow_cp_with_progress {
    progress_update 50 20 'copying file'; sleep $delay
    progress_update 50 25 'copying file'; sleep $delay
    progress_update 50 30 'copying file'; sleep $delay
    progress_update 50 35 'copying file'; sleep $delay
    progress_update 50 40 'copying file'; sleep $delay
    progress_update 50 45 'copying file'; sleep $delay
    cp "$1" "$2";
}

function hash_file {
    test -f "${1}" &&
      md5sum <(cat "$1" 2>/dev/null) ||
      printf '00000000000000000000000000000000'
}

function clear_lines {
    local lines_to_clear
    local i

    lines_to_clear=$(($1 - 1))  # subtract 1 because bash loop range is inclusive

    if test "${lines_to_clear}" -ge 0
    then
        for i in {1..${lines_to_clear}}
        do
            1>&2 printf "\033[2K\r" # clear message line
            1>&2 printf "\033[1A"   # move cursor up one line
        done
    fi
}

function progress_write {
    local progress_total
    local progress_done
    local progress_message

    local progress_remaining
    local printf_format

    progress_total=$1
    progress_done=$2
    progress_message="${3}"
    progress_remaining=$(($progress_total - $progress_done))
    if test $progress_total -eq $progress_done
    then printf_format="\e[48;5;35m%${progress_done}s\e[48;5;35m%${progress_remaining}s\e[0m\n" # green
    else printf_format="\e[48;5;33m%${progress_done}s\e[48;5;18m%${progress_remaining}s\e[0m\n" # blue
    fi

    1>&2 printf "$printf_format" ' ' ' '
    1>&2 printf "$progress_message"
    1>&2 printf '\n'
}

function progress_update {
    clear_lines $pb_lines # message line, progress bar line, extra line
    progress_write "$@"
}

function informational_idempotent_cp {
    local src_hash;
    local dest_hash;
    progress_write 50 0 'hashing source file'; sleep $delay
    src_hash=$(hash_file "${src}")

    progress_update 50 5 'hashing destination file'; sleep $delay
    dest_hash=$(hash_file "${dest}")

    progress_update 50 10 'comparing hashes'; sleep $delay
    if   ! test "${src_hash}" = "${dest_hash}"
    then
        progress_update 50 15 'copying file'; sleep $delay
        slow_cp_with_progress "$1" "$2"

        progress_update 50 50 '✅ file copied!'
        1>&2 printf "\n"
    else
        progress_update 50 50 '✅ contents match, nothing to do!'
        1>&2 printf "\n"
    fi;
}

rm -f "${dest}"

informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}"

delay=0.7
rm -f "${dest}"

Concept 9: Information Format

What: Change information format specifically for how it is consumed.

Value: Makes using the API ergonomic.

Tip: Progress information can be more than a string.

  • For a human: output a progress bar, replace status text
  • For continuous integration: append status text
  • For a web request: output json
Example
Code 
output_format=pb # pb, text, json

function progress_write {
    local progress_total
    local progress_done
    local progress_message
    progress_total=$1
    progress_done=$2
    progress_message="${3}"

    local progress_remaining
    local printf_format
    progress_remaining=$(($progress_total - $progress_done))

    case "${output_format}" in
        pb)
            if test $progress_total -eq $progress_done
            then printf_format="\e[48;5;35m%${progress_done}s\e[48;5;35m%${progress_remaining}s\e[0m\n" # green
            else printf_format="\e[48;5;33m%${progress_done}s\e[48;5;18m%${progress_remaining}s\e[0m\n" # blue
            fi

            1>&2 printf "$printf_format" ' ' ' '
            1>&2 printf "$progress_message"
            1>&2 printf '\n'
            ;;
        text)
            1>&2 printf "$progress_message"
            1>&2 printf '\n'
            ;;
        json)
            cat << EOF
{ "progress_total": $progress_total, "progress_done": $progress_done, "progress_remaining": $progress_remaining, "message": "$progress_message" }
EOF
            ;;
    esac
}

function progress_update {
    case "${output_format}" in
        pb)
            clear_lines $pb_lines # message line, progress bar line, extra line
            ;;
        text)
            ;;
        json)
            ;;
    esac

    progress_write "$@"
}

output_format=pb
rm -f "${dest}"
time (informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")
echo '---'
time (informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")

output_format=text
rm -f "${dest}"
time (informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")
echo '---'
time (informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")

output_format=json
rm -f "${dest}"
time (informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")
echo '---'
time (informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}")

informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}" | jq

informational_idempotent_cp "${src}" "${dest}" | jq '.progress_remaining'

Error Handling

This section uses the download example.

Concept 10: Accumulate And Summarize

What: When an error happens, save it, then display it at the very end.

Value: User doesn't have to spend time and effort investigating.

Example
%3startb1b1start->b1b2b2start->b2b3b3start->b3endb1->endb2->endb3->end
Don't Do This: 
# Per subprocess
log_info "${id}: Start."
log_info "${id}: Processing."

download_file
download_result=$?

if [[ "$download_result" -eq 0 ]]
then
    log_info "${id}: Successful."
    log_info "${id}: Notifying service."
    return 0
else
    log_error "${id}: Download failed: ${download_result}"
    return 1
fi

Info : Starting process.
Info : b1: Start.
Info : b2: Start.
Info : b3: Start.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b1: Processing.
Info : b2: Processing.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b3: Processing.
Error: b2: Download failed: 12
Info : b1: Processing complete.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b3: Processing complete.
Info : b1: Successful.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b3: Successful.
Info : b3: Notifying service.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b1: Notifying service.
Info : main: Collected results.
Info : main: Analyzing.
Error: Process failed: b2.
Do This: 
# Per subprocess
download_file
download_result=$?

if [[ "$download_result" -eq 0 ]]
then
    printf "{ \"id\": ${id} \"success\": true }"
    return 0
else
    printf "{ \"id\": ${id} \"success\": false, \"error_code\": 12 }"
    return 1
fi

Info : Starting process.
Info : b1: Start.
Info : b2: Start.
Info : b3: Start.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b1: Processing.
Info : b2: Processing.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b3: Processing.
Error: b2: Download failed: 12
Info : b1: Processing complete.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b3: Processing complete.
Info : b1: Successful.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b3: Successful.
Info : b3: Notifying service.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b1: Notifying service.
Info : main: Collected results.
Info : main: Analyzing.
Error: Process failed: b2.

Error: b2 failed with error code: 12
So that:
%3startb1b1start->b1b2b2start->b2b3b3start->b3endb1->endb2->endb3->end
Info : Starting process.
Info : b1: Start.
Info : b2: Start.
Info : b3: Start.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b1: Processing.
Info : b2: Processing.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b3: Processing.
Error: b2: Download failed: 12
Info : b1: Processing complete.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Error: b3: Download failed: 13
Info : b1: Successful.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : main: Waiting for results.
Info : b1: Notifying service.
Info : main: Collected results.
Info : main: Analyzing.
Error: Process failed: b2, b3.

Error:
  b2 failed with error code: 12
  b3 failed with error code: 13

Concept 11: Understandable Error Messages

What: Translate the technical terms into spoken language terms.

Value: User can understand the message and take action.

Example 
download -v init http://non_existent_domain file.txt

Error: peace_item_file_download::src_get

  × Failed to download file.
  ├─▶ error sending request for url (http://non_existent_domain/): error
  │   trying to connect: dns error: failed to lookup address information:
  │   Temporary failure in name resolution
  ├─▶ error trying to connect: dns error: failed to lookup address
  │   information: Temporary failure in name resolution
  ├─▶ dns error: failed to lookup address information: Temporary failure in
  │   name resolution
  ╰─▶ failed to lookup address information: Temporary failure in name
      resolution

Error: peace_item_file_download::src_get

  × Failed to download file.
   ╭────
 1 │ download init http://non_existent_domain/ file.txt
   ·               ─────────────┬─────────────
   ·                            ╰── defined here
   ╰────
  help: Check that the URL is reachable: `curl http://non_existent_domain/`
        Are you connected to the internet?

Concept 12: Capture the Source of Information

What: Show where the information came from.

Value: User doesn't have to spend time and effort investigating.

Example 
download init http://localhost:3000/ peace_book.html

Stop the server, then:

download ensure

Error: peace_item_file_download::src_get

  × Failed to download file.
   ╭────
 1 │ download init http://localhost:3000/ peace_book.html
   ·               ───────────┬──────────
   ·                          ╰── defined here
   ╰────
  help: Check that the URL is reachable: `curl http://localhost:3000/`
        Are you connected to the internet?

Workflow Concepts

Concept 13: Clean Up

What: Leave a place in a state, no worse than when you found it.

Value: Don't waste resources.

Example 
ls

download clean
Bash 
function cp_flow {
    sub_cmd=$1

    case ${sub_cmd} in
        ensure)
            informational_idempotent_cp "$2" "$3"
            ;;
        clean)
            if   test -f "$2"
            then rm -f "$2"
            fi
            ;;
    esac ;
}

rm -f "${dest}"
time (cp_flow ensure "${src}" "${dest}")
time (cp_flow ensure "${src}" "${dest}")

time (cp_flow clean "${dest}")